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October 28, 2014; 83 (18) Article

Agreement between TOAST and CCS ischemic stroke classification

The NINDS SiGN Study

Patrick F. McArdle, Steven J. Kittner, Hakan Ay, Robert D. Brown, James F. Meschia, Tatjana Rundek, Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, Daniel Woo, Gunnar Andsberg, Alessandro Biffi, David A. Brenner, John W. Cole, Roderick Corriveau, Paul I.W. de Bakker, Hossein Delavaran, Martin Dichgans, Raji P. Grewal, Katrina Gwinn, Mohammed Huq, Christina Jern, Jordi Jimenez-Conde, Katarina Jood, Robert C. Kaplan, Petra Katschnig, Michael Katsnelson, Daniel L. Labovitz, Robin Lemmens, Linxin Li, Arne Lindgren, Hugh S. Markus, Leema R. Peddareddygari, Annie Pedersén, Joanna Pera, Petra Redfors, Jaume Roquer, Jonathan Rosand, Natalia S. Rost, Peter M. Rothwell, Ralph L. Sacco, Pankaj Sharma, Agnieszka Slowik, Cathie Sudlow, Vincent Thijs, Steffen Tiedt, Raffaella Valenti, Bradford B. Worrall
First published September 26, 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000942
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Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the level of agreement between stroke subtype classifications made using the Trial of Org 10172 Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) and Causative Classification of Stroke (CCS) systems.

Methods: Study subjects included 13,596 adult men and women accrued from 20 US and European genetic research centers participating in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN). All cases had independently classified TOAST and CCS stroke subtypes. Kappa statistics were calculated for the 5 major ischemic stroke subtypes common to both systems.

Results: The overall agreement between TOAST and CCS was moderate (agreement rate, 70%; κ = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58–0.60). Agreement varied widely across study sites, ranging from 28% to 90%. Agreement on specific subtypes was highest for large-artery atherosclerosis (κ = 0.71, 95% CI 0.69–0.73) and lowest for small-artery occlusion (κ = 0.56, 95% CI 0.54–0.58).

Conclusion: Agreement between TOAST and CCS diagnoses was moderate. Caution is warranted when comparing or combining results based on the 2 systems. Replication of study results, for example, genome-wide association studies, should utilize phenotypes determined by the same classification system, ideally applied in the same manner.

GLOSSARY

CI=
confidence interval;
CCS=
Causative Classification of Stroke;
NINDS=
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke;
SiGN=
Stroke Genetics Network;
TOAST=
Trial of Org 10172 Acute Stroke Treatment

Footnotes

  • Authors' affiliations are listed at the end of the article.

  • NINDS SiGN Study coinvestigators are listed on the Neurology® Web site at www.neurology.org.

  • Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.

  • Supplemental data at Neurology.org

  • Received March 19, 2014.
  • Accepted in final form August 4, 2014.
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