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Discovered shortly after anti-NMDAR encephalitis, anti–α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) encephalitis remains rare. Patients develop antibodies against AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors, the major brain excitatory neurotransmitter receptors. First described in 2009 in a cohort of 10 patients with limbic encephalitis,1 only 6 patients have subsequently been described. In contrast, hundreds of patients have been reported with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.2 Anti-AMPAR encephalitis appears less prevalent, although it may be underdiagnosed because the typical clinical presentation remains unclear. In this issue of Neurology®, a study by Höftberger et al.3 more than doubles the number of described patients, complementing and extending the findings of the initial case series.
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- © 2015 American Academy of Neurology
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