March 03, 2015; 84 (9) Article
Prevalence of congenital muscular dystrophy in Italy
A population study
Alessandra Graziano, Flaviana Bianco, Adele D'Amico, Isabella Moroni, Sonia Messina, Claudio Bruno, Elena Pegoraro, Marina Mora, Guja Astrea, Francesca Magri, Giacomo P. Comi, Angela Berardinelli, Maurizio Moggio, Lucia Morandi, Antonella Pini, Roberta Petillo, Giorgio Tasca, Mauro Monforte, Carlo Minetti, Tiziana Mongini, Enzo Ricci, Ksenija Gorni, Roberta Battini, Marcello Villanova, Luisa Politano, Francesca Gualandi, Alessandra Ferlini, Francesco Muntoni, Filippo Maria Santorelli, Enrico Bertini, Marika Pane, Eugenio Mercuri
First published February 4, 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001303
Alessandra Graziano
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDFlaviana Bianco
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDAdele D'Amico
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDIsabella Moroni
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDSonia Messina
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDClaudio Bruno
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDElena Pegoraro
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDMarina Mora
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDGuja Astrea
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDFrancesca Magri
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDGiacomo P. Comi
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDAngela Berardinelli
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDMaurizio Moggio
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDLucia Morandi
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDAntonella Pini
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDRoberta Petillo
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDGiorgio Tasca
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDMauro Monforte
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDCarlo Minetti
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDTiziana Mongini
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDEnzo Ricci
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDKsenija Gorni
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDRoberta Battini
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDMarcello Villanova
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDLuisa Politano
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDFrancesca Gualandi
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDAlessandra Ferlini
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDFrancesco Muntoni
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDFilippo Maria Santorelli
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDEnrico Bertini
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDMarika Pane
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDEugenio Mercuri
From the Departments of Paediatrics and Neurology (A.G., F.B., G.T., M. Monforte, E.R., M.P., E.M.), Catholic University, Rome; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (A.D., G.T., E.B.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome; Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease and Immunology Unit (I.M., M. Mora, L.M.), Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiology (S.M.), University of Messina; Neuromuscular Disease Unit (C.B., C.M.), G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa; Department of Neurosciences (E.P.), University of Padua, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Molecular Medicine Neuromuscular Unit (G.A., R.B., F.M.S.), Stella Maris Institute, Pisa; Department of Neurological Sciences (F. Magri, G.P.C.), IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.B.), IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation; Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit (M. Moggio), IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Milano; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (A.P.), IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna; Cardiomiologia e Genetica Medica (R.P., L.P.), Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Seconda Università di Napoli; Neuromuscular Center (T.M.), S.G. Battista Hospital, University of Turin; Centro Nemo (K.G.), Milan; Neuromuscular Unit (M.V.), Nigrisoli Hospital, Bologna; Section of Medical Genetics (F.G., A.F.), Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Ferrara, Italy; and Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre (F. Muntoni), UCL Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
MDPrevalence of congenital muscular dystrophy in Italy
A population study
Alessandra Graziano, Flaviana Bianco, Adele D'Amico, Isabella Moroni, Sonia Messina, Claudio Bruno, Elena Pegoraro, Marina Mora, Guja Astrea, Francesca Magri, Giacomo P. Comi, Angela Berardinelli, Maurizio Moggio, Lucia Morandi, Antonella Pini, Roberta Petillo, Giorgio Tasca, Mauro Monforte, Carlo Minetti, Tiziana Mongini, Enzo Ricci, Ksenija Gorni, Roberta Battini, Marcello Villanova, Luisa Politano, Francesca Gualandi, Alessandra Ferlini, Francesco Muntoni, Filippo Maria Santorelli, Enrico Bertini, Marika Pane, Eugenio Mercuri
Neurology Mar 2015, 84 (9) 904-911; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001303
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Abstract
Objective: We provide a nationwide population study of patients with congenital muscular dystrophy in Italy.
Methods: Cases were ascertained from the databases in all the tertiary referral centers for pediatric neuromuscular disorders and from all the genetic diagnostic centers in which diagnostic tests for these forms are performed.
Results: The study includes 336 patients with a point prevalence of 0.563 per 100,000. Mutations were identified in 220 of the 336 (65.5%). The cohort was subdivided into diagnostic categories based on the most recent classifications on congenital muscular dystrophies. The most common forms were those with α-dystroglycan glycosylation deficiency (40.18%) followed by those with laminin α2 deficiency (24.11%) and collagen VI deficiency (20.24%). The forms of congenital muscular dystrophy related to mutations in SEPN1 and LMNA were less frequent (6.25% and 5.95%, respectively).
Conclusions: Our study provides for the first time comprehensive epidemiologic information and point prevalence figures for each of the major diagnostic categories on a large cohort of congenital muscular dystrophies. The study also reflects the diagnostic progress in this field with an accurate classification of the cases according to the most recent gene discoveries.
GLOSSARY
- αDG=
- α-dystroglycan;
- CK=
- creatine kinase;
- CMD=
- congenital muscular dystrophy;
- MEB=
- muscle-eye-brain disease;
- RSMD1=
- rigid spine muscular dystrophy type 1
Footnotes
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
- Received May 2, 2014.
- Accepted in final form October 15, 2014.
- © 2015 American Academy of Neurology
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