July 03, 2018; 91 (1) Article
Hypertension and intracerebral hemorrhage recurrence among white, black, and Hispanic individuals
Axana Rodriguez-Torres, Meredith Murphy, Christina Kourkoulis, Kristin Schwab, Alison M. Ayres, Charles J. Moomaw, Soo Young Kwon, Jimmy V. Berthaud, M. Edip Gurol, Steven M. Greenberg, Anand Viswanathan, Christopher D. Anderson, Matthew Flaherty, Michael L. James, Lee Birnbaum, Gene Yong Sung, Gunjan Parikh, Amelia K. Boehme, Douglas Mayson, Kevin N. Sheth, Chelsea Kidwell, Sebastian Koch, Michael Frankel, Carl D. Langefeld, Fernando D. Testai, Daniel Woo, Jonathan Rosand, Alessandro Biffi
First published June 6, 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005729
Axana Rodriguez-Torres
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Meredith Murphy
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Christina Kourkoulis
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Kristin Schwab
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Alison M. Ayres
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Charles J. Moomaw
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Soo Young Kwon
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Jimmy V. Berthaud
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
M. Edip Gurol
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Steven M. Greenberg
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Anand Viswanathan
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Christopher D. Anderson
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Matthew Flaherty
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Michael L. James
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Lee Birnbaum
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Gene Yong Sung
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Gunjan Parikh
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Amelia K. Boehme
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Douglas Mayson
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Kevin N. Sheth
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Chelsea Kidwell
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Sebastian Koch
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Michael Frankel
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Carl D. Langefeld
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Fernando D. Testai
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Daniel Woo
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Jonathan Rosand
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Alessandro Biffi
From the University of California Irvine School of Medicine (A.R.-T.); Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, K.S., A.M.A., M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), and Department of Neurology (A.R.-T., M.M., C. Kourkoulis, M.E.G., S.M.G., A.V., C.D.A., J.R., A.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (C.J.M., S.Y.K., M. Flaherty, D.W.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Neurology (J.V.B.), University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville; Department of Neurology (M.L.J.), Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.B.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Neurology (G.Y.S.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (G.P.), University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore; Department of Neurology (A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (D.M.), Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (K.N.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (C. Kidwell), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Miami Health System, FL; Department of Neurology (M. Frankel), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (C.D.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation (F.D.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine.
Hypertension and intracerebral hemorrhage recurrence among white, black, and Hispanic individuals
Axana Rodriguez-Torres, Meredith Murphy, Christina Kourkoulis, Kristin Schwab, Alison M. Ayres, Charles J. Moomaw, Soo Young Kwon, Jimmy V. Berthaud, M. Edip Gurol, Steven M. Greenberg, Anand Viswanathan, Christopher D. Anderson, Matthew Flaherty, Michael L. James, Lee Birnbaum, Gene Yong Sung, Gunjan Parikh, Amelia K. Boehme, Douglas Mayson, Kevin N. Sheth, Chelsea Kidwell, Sebastian Koch, Michael Frankel, Carl D. Langefeld, Fernando D. Testai, Daniel Woo, Jonathan Rosand, Alessandro Biffi
Neurology Jul 2018, 91 (1) e37-e44; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005729
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Abstract
Objective To clarify whether recurrence risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is higher among black and Hispanic individuals and whether this disparity is attributable to differences in blood pressure (BP) measurements and their variability.
Methods We analyzed data from survivors of primary ICH enrolled in 2 separate studies: (1) the longitudinal study conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital (n = 759), and (2) the ERICH (Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage) study (n = 1,532). Participants underwent structured interview at enrollment (including self-report of race/ethnicity) and were followed longitudinally via phone calls and review of medical records. We captured systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP measurements, and quantified variability as SBP and diastolic BP variation coefficients. We used multivariable (Cox regression) survival analysis to identify risk factors for ICH recurrence.
Results We followed 2,291 ICH survivors (1,121 white, 529 black, 605 Hispanic, and 36 of other race/ethnicity). Both black and Hispanic patients displayed higher SBP during follow-up (p < 0.05). Black participants also displayed greater SBP variability during follow-up (p = 0.032). In univariable analyses, black and Hispanic patients were at higher ICH recurrence risk (p < 0.05). After adjusting for BP measurements and their variability, both Hispanic (hazard ratio = 1.51, 95% confidence interval 1.14–2.00, p = 0.004) and black (hazard ratio = 1.98, 95% confidence interval 1.36–2.86, p < 0.001) patients remained at higher risk of ICH recurrence.
Conclusion Black and Hispanic patients are at higher risk of ICH recurrence; hypertension severity (average BP and its variability) does not fully account for this finding. Additional studies will be required to further elucidate determinants for this health disparity.
Glossary
- BP=
- blood pressure;
- CI=
- confidence interval;
- DBP=
- diastolic blood pressure;
- ERICH=
- Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage;
- FDR=
- false discovery rate;
- ICH=
- intracerebral hemorrhage;
- IQR=
- interquartile range;
- MGH=
- Massachusetts General Hospital;
- SBP=
- systolic blood pressure;
- VC=
- variation coefficient
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
CME Course: NPub.org/cmelist
- Received June 20, 2017.
- Accepted in final form April 4, 2018.
- © 2018 American Academy of Neurology
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