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Abstract
Background and Objectives Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) has overlapping clinical symptoms with Alzheimer disease (AD). AD pathology commonly co-occurs with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) pathology. There are currently no validated CTE biomarkers. AD-specific biomarkers such as plasma P-tau181 and P-tau217 may help to identify patients with TES who have AD pathology.
Methods We measured plasma P-tau181 and P-tau217 (Meso Scale Discovery electrochemiluminescence) in patients with TES, mild cognitive impairment/dementia with biomarker-confirmed AD (“AD”), and healthy controls (“HC”). Patients underwent amyloid-beta (Aβ)-PET and a subset underwent tau-PET using [18F]Flortaucipir. We compared plasma P-tau levels controlling for age and sex and also performed AUC analyses to evaluate the accuracy of group differentiation. In patients with TES, we evaluated associations between plasma P-tau, years of repetitive head impact exposure, and tau-PET. Four TES patients with autopsy-confirmed CTE were described qualitatively.
Results The sample included 131 participants (TES, N = 18; AD, N = 65; HC, N = 48). Aβ(+) patients with TES (N = 10), but not Aβ(−) TES, had significantly higher plasma P-tau levels than HC (P-tau181: p < 0.001, d = 1.34; P-tau217: p < 0.001, d = 1.59). There was a trend for Aβ(+) TES having higher plasma P-tau than Aβ(−) TES (P-tau181: p = 0.06, d = 1.06; P-tau217: p = 0.09, d = 0.93). AUC analyses showed good classification of Aβ(+) TES from HC for P-tau181 (AUC = 0.87 [0.71–1.00]) and P-tau217 (AUC = 0.93 [0.86–1.00]). Plasma P-tau217 showed fair differentiation of Aβ(+) TES from Aβ(−) TES (AUC = 0.79 [0.54–1.00], p = 0.04), whereas classification accuracy of P-tau181 was slightly lower and not statistically significant (AUC = 0.71 [0.46–0.96], p = 0.13). Patients with AD had higher tau-PET tracer uptake than Aβ(+) TES and were well differentiated using P-tau181 (AUC = 0.81 [0.68–0.94]) and P-tau217 (AUC = 0.86 [0.73–0.98]). Plasma P-tau correlated with the tau-PET signal in Aβ(+) TES but not in Aβ(−) TES, and there was no association between plasma P-tau and years of repetitive head impact exposure. TES patients with severe CTE and no AD at autopsy had low P-tau181 and P-tau217 levels.
Discussion Measuring P-tau181 and P-tau217 in plasma may be a feasible and scalable fluid biomarker for identifying AD pathology in TES. Low plasma P-tau levels may be used to increase clinical suspicion of CTE over AD as a primary pathology in TES. Currently, there is no support for P-tau181 or P-tau217 as in vivo biomarkers of CTE tau. Larger studies of patients with pathologically confirmed CTE are needed.
Classification of Evidence This study provides Class III evidence that (1) among patients with TES and abnormal Aβ-PET scans, elevated plasma P-tau can differentiate between affected individuals and HCs; (2) low plasma P-tau may help identify patients with TES who do not have Alzheimer; and (3) plasma P-tau181 and P-tau217 are not useful biomarkers of patients with TES who do not have AD.
Glossary
- AD=
- Alzheimer disease;
- ADNC=
- AD neuropathologic change;
- AUC/ROC=
- area under the receiver operating characteristic curve;
- Aβ=
- amyloid-beta;
- CDR=
- Clinical Dementia Rating;
- CTE=
- chronic traumatic encephalopathy;
- CV=
- coefficient of variation;
- FTP=
- flortaucipir;
- HC=
- healthy control;
- LLOQ=
- lower limit of quantification;
- MCI=
- mild cognitive impairment;
- PIB=
- Pittsburgh compound B;
- SUVR=
- standardized uptake value ratio;
- TES=
- traumatic encephalopathy syndrome;
- UCSF=
- University of California, San Francisco
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Linda Hershey, MD, PhD.
Class of Evidence: NPub.org/coe
- Received August 27, 2021.
- Accepted in final form March 18, 2022.
- © 2022 American Academy of Neurology
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