June 06, 2023; 100 (23) Research Article
Short-term Trajectories of Poststroke Cognitive Function
A STROKOG Collaboration Study
View ORCID ProfileJessica W. Lo, John D. Crawford, View ORCID ProfileDavid W. Desmond, View ORCID ProfileHee-Joon Bae, View ORCID ProfileJae-Sung Lim, View ORCID ProfileOlivier Godefroy, Martine Roussel, View ORCID ProfileSebastian Köhler, Julie Staals, Frans Verhey, Christopher Chen, Xin Xu, Eddie J. Chong, Nagaendran Kandiah, View ORCID ProfileRégis Bordet, View ORCID ProfileThibaut Dondaine, Anne-Marie Mendyk, Henry Brodaty, Latchezar Traykov, View ORCID ProfileShima Mehrabian, Neli Petrova, Darren M. Lipnicki, View ORCID ProfileBen Chun Pan Lam, View ORCID ProfilePerminder S. Sachdev, for the Stroke and Cognition (STROKOG) Collaboration
First published April 18, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000207281
Jessica W. Lo
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MScJohn D. Crawford
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
PhDDavid W. Desmond
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
PhDHee-Joon Bae
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MDJae-Sung Lim
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MD, PhDOlivier Godefroy
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MD, PhDMartine Roussel
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
PhDSebastian Köhler
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
PhDJulie Staals
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MD, PhDFrans Verhey
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MD, PhDChristopher Chen
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MDXin Xu
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
PhDEddie J. Chong
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
BANagaendran Kandiah
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
FRCP, MDRégis Bordet
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MDThibaut Dondaine
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
PhDAnne-Marie Mendyk
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
RNHenry Brodaty
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MDLatchezar Traykov
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MDShima Mehrabian
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MDNeli Petrova
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MDDarren M. Lipnicki
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
PhDBen Chun Pan Lam
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
PhDPerminder S. Sachdev
From the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
MD, PhD, FRANZCPFrom the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) (J.W.L., J.D.C., H.B., D.M.L., B.C.P.L., P.S.S.), UNSW, Sydney, Australia; No affiliation (D.W.D.); Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (O.G., M.R.), University Hospital of Amiens, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K., F.V.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University; Department of Neurology (J.S.), School for Cardiovascular diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), the Netherlands; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.C., X.X., E.J.C.), Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health (X.X.), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Neuroscience Institute (N.K.); Duke-NUS Medical School (N.K.), Singapore; University of Lille (R.B., T.D., A.-M.M.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, France; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre (H.B., P.S.S.), UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; Clinic of Neurology (L.T., S.M.), UH “Alexandrovska,” Medical University-Sofia; and Kaneff University Hospital (N.P.), Ruse, Bulgaria.
Short-term Trajectories of Poststroke Cognitive Function
A STROKOG Collaboration Study
Jessica W. Lo, John D. Crawford, David W. Desmond, Hee-Joon Bae, Jae-Sung Lim, Olivier Godefroy, Martine Roussel, Sebastian Köhler, Julie Staals, Frans Verhey, Christopher Chen, Xin Xu, Eddie J. Chong, Nagaendran Kandiah, Régis Bordet, Thibaut Dondaine, Anne-Marie Mendyk, Henry Brodaty, Latchezar Traykov, Shima Mehrabian, Neli Petrova, Darren M. Lipnicki, Ben Chun Pan Lam, Perminder S. Sachdev, for the Stroke and Cognition (STROKOG) Collaboration
Neurology Jun 2023, 100 (23) e2331-e2341; DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207281
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Abstract
Background and Objectives Past studies on poststroke cognitive function have focused on the average performance or change over time, but few have investigated patterns of cognitive trajectories after stroke. This project used latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to identify clusters of patients with similar patterns of cognition scores over the first-year poststroke and the extent to which long-term cognitive outcome is predicted by the clusters (“trajectory groups”).
Methods Data were sought from the Stroke and Cognition consortium. LCGA was used to identify clusters of trajectories based on standardized global cognition scores at baseline (T1) and at the 1-year follow-up (T2). One-step individual participant data meta-analysis was used to examine risk factors for trajectory groups and association of trajectory groups with cognition at the long-term follow-up (T3).
Results Nine hospital-based stroke cohorts with 1,149 patients (63% male; mean age 66.4 years [SD 11.0]) were included. The median time assessed at T1 was 3.6 months poststroke, 1.0 year at T2, and 3.2 years at T3. LCGA identified 3 trajectory groups, which were characterized by different mean levels of cognition scores at T1 (low-performance, −3.27 SD [0.94], 17%; medium-performance, −1.23 SD [0.68], 48%; and high-performance, 0.71 SD [0.77], 35%). There was significant improvement in cognition for the high-performance group (0.22 SD per year, 95% CI 0.07–0.36), but changes for the low-performance and medium-performance groups were not significant (−0.10 SD per year, 95% CI −0.33 to 0.13; 0.11 SD per year, 95% CI −0.08 to 0.24, respectively). Factors associated with the low- (vs high-) performance group include age (relative risk ratio [RRR] 1.18, 95% CI 1.14–1.23), years of education (RRR 0.61, 95% CI 0.56–0.67), diabetes (RRR 3.78, 95% CI 2.08–6.88), large artery vs small vessel strokes (RRR 2.77, 95% CI 1.32–5.83), and moderate/severe strokes (RRR 3.17, 95% CI 1.42–7.08). Trajectory groups were predictive of global cognition at T3, but its predictive power was comparable with scores at T1.
Discussion The trajectory of cognitive function over the first-year poststroke is heterogenous. Baseline cognitive function ∼3.6 months poststroke is a good predictor of long-term cognitive outcome. Older age, lower levels of education, diabetes, large artery strokes, and greater stroke severity are risk factors for lower cognitive performance over the first year.
Glossary
- AIC=
- Akaike information criterion;
- ALCPP=
- average latent class posterior probability;
- BIC=
- Bayesian information criterion;
- IQR=
- interquartile range;
- LCGA=
- latent class growth analysis;
- STROKOG=
- Stroke and Cognition consortium
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
Coinvestigators are listed in Appendix 2 at the end of the article.
Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Editor-in-Chief José Merino, MD, MPhil, FAAN.
- Received May 17, 2022.
- Accepted in final form February 27, 2023.
- © 2023 American Academy of Neurology
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